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Assessing past versus present severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: A survey of criteria for discontinuing precautions in asymptomatic patients testing positive on admission
- Shruti K. Gohil, Annabelle De St. Maurice, Deborah S. Yokoe, Stuart H. Cohen, Francesca J. Torriani, Jonathan D. Grein, Philip A. Robinson, Shannon Mabalot, Jessica Park, Paula Pedrani, Richard Platt, Susan S. Huang
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 45 / Issue 2 / February 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 September 2023, pp. 237-240
- Print publication:
- February 2024
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Infection prevention program leaders report frequent use of criteria to distinguish recently recovered coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases from actively infectious cases when incidentally positive asymptomatic patients were identified on routine severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. Guidance on appropriate interpretation of high-sensitivity molecular tests can prevent harm from unnecessary precautions that delay admission and impede medical care.
Information and resources important to the quality of life of people living with multiple sclerosis
- Malachy Bishop, Stuart Rumrill, Bradley McDaniels, Jian Li, Robert Fraser, Phillip D. Rumrill, Muna Bhattarai, Mirang Park
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- Journal:
- The Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling / Volume 26 / Issue 2 / December 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 November 2020, pp. 92-104
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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, typically progressive immune-mediated disease characterized by inflammation and demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS), and is associated with a wide range of neurological, physical, and psychosocial effects. For people living with MS, access to relevant, timely, and accessible health information and resources may contribute to effective illness management, psychosocial health, and quality of life (QOL). In this study, we sought to increase understanding of the specific types of information most wanted by people with MS, as well as the sources and effects of this information. Specifically, we surveyed 748 adults with MS about (a) the sources from which they obtain information about MS, (b) the type of information that is most important in terms of improving their QOL, and (c) specific topics about which they would like to have more information, services, or resources. Content analysis of the qualitative results demonstrated the diversity of information sources accessed by people with MS and the importance of providing information through different formats and media. The participants prioritized information related to new MS medications and treatments, physical and mental health and wellness, and local opportunities for support. Implications for practicing rehabilitation counselors are discussed.
A Hafted Halberd Excavated at Trecastell, Powys: from Undercurrent to Uptake – the Emergence and Contextualisation of Halberds in Wales and North-west Europe
- Stuart Needham, With contributions by, Mary Davis, Adam Gwilt, Mark Lodwick, Phil Parkes, Peter Reavill
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society / Volume 81 / December 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 August 2015, pp. 1-41
- Print publication:
- December 2015
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Excavations at Trecastell, Powys, south Wales, in 2007 yielded a copper halberd complete with its haft-grip. This has major implications for the mode of hafting halberds, but the discovery has also prompted a reconsideration of insular halberds in their north-west European context. Understanding the relationships between different types of halberd and different regional groups continues to be hampered by the dearth of good dating evidence, but the creation of better classifications for British and Irish weapons and new radiocarbon dates on two examples, one being Trecastell, have allowed a new developmental scheme to be advanced.
The emergence of metal-headed halberds is considered more generally. While it is acknowledged that halberd-like implements pre-existed in other materials in some parts of Europe, it is argued that the appearance of metal-headed halberds depended on the transmission of a particular set of metallurgical and related skills. A new model for the vigorous uptake of halberds on a regional basis helps explain the patchiness and anachronism of halberd hotspots.
The Trecastell halberd adds to one of the significant concentrations of the weapon type in Britain and prompts a more general review of the earliest metalwork from Wales and the Marches. For the Chalcolithic, halberds are instrumental in identifying a major contrast in depositional behaviour; this contrast dissolves at the beginning of the Early Bronze Age when a ‘new deposition ground’ is established. The former is attributed to the existence of a regional group across much of the region for whom the halberd served as a cultural icon, while the latter may relate to the demise of this enshrined value for the halberd.
Development of a smartphone application for the objective detection of attentional deficits in delirium
- Zoë Tieges, Antaine Stíobhairt, Katie Scott, Klaudia Suchorab, Alexander Weir, Stuart Parks, Susan Shenkin, Alasdair MacLullich
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- Journal:
- International Psychogeriatrics / Volume 27 / Issue 8 / August 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 March 2015, pp. 1251-1262
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Background:
Delirium is an acute, severe deterioration in mental functioning. Inattention is the core feature, yet there are few objective methods for assessing attentional deficits in delirium. We previously developed a novel, graded test for objectively detecting inattention in delirium, implemented on a computerized device (Edinburgh Delirium Test Box (EDTB)). Although the EDTB is effective, tests on universally available devices have potential for greater impact. Here we assessed feasibility and validity of the DelApp, a smartphone application based on the EDTB.
Methods:This was a preliminary case-control study in hospital inpatients (aged 60–96 years) with delirium (N = 50), dementia (N = 52), or no cognitive impairment (N = 54) who performed the DelApp assessment, which comprises an arousal assessment followed by counting of lights presented serially. Delirium was assessed using the Confusion Assessment Method and Delirium Rating Scale-Revised-98 (DRS-R98), and cognition with conventional tests of attention (e.g. digit span) and the short Orientation-Memory-Concentration Test (OMCT).
Results:DelApp scores (maximum score = 10) were lower in delirium (scores (median(IQR)): 6 (4–7)) compared to dementia (10 (9–10)) and control groups (10 (10–10), p-values < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses revealed excellent accuracy of the DelApp for discriminating delirium from dementia (AUC = 0.93), and delirium from controls (AUC = 0.99, p-values < 0.001). DelApp and DRS-R98 severity scores were moderately well correlated (Kendall's tau = −0.60, p < 0.001). OMCT scores did not differ between delirium and dementia.
Conclusions:The DelApp test showed good performance, supporting the utility of objectively measuring attention in delirium assessment. This study provides evidence of the feasibility of using a smartphone test for attentional assessment in hospital inpatients with possible delirium, with potential applications in research and clinical practice.
An Analysis of CSR Activities in the Lodging Industry
- Stuart E. Levy, Sun-Young Park
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- Journal:
- Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management / Volume 18 / Issue 1 / 01 June 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 February 2012, pp. 147-154
- Print publication:
- 01 June 2011
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This study identified and analysed current corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices and benefits gained from implementing these activities in the United States (US) lodging industry. A survey of the US-based hotel executives showed that the most important and highest performing initiatives tended to be popular environmental practices focused on energy, waste and water management. Hotel executives reported that cost savings and branding-related outcomes were the greatest benefits from CSR implementation. It is argued that increased consumer and managerial learning of CSR activities from a holistic perspective is critical to moving the CSR program forward in the lodging industry.
3 - Literary Portrayals of the GDR by Non-GDR Citizens
- Edited by Nick Hodgin, Caroline Pearce
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- Book:
- The GDR Remembered
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 10 February 2023
- Print publication:
- 22 November 2011, pp 54-68
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Summary
IN 1964 FOLLOWING A VISIT TO THE GDR, a number of journalists from Die Zeit, including the newspaper’s subsequent editor Marion Gräfin Dönhoff, published a book about the country and their experiences there. This visit found its way into GDR literature, being clearly referred to in the novel Das Impressum of 1972 by Hermann Kant, who, as a favored son of the GDR, was presumably one of the journalists’ interlocutors. The egregious Kant, however, wins no prizes for subtlety in renaming Dönhoff Lehndorff and in his main figure’s characterization of her as — because of her pleasant manner — the most dangerous of enemies. In this context what is significant is the title given to the volume: Reise in ein fernes Land — Wirtschaft und Politik in der DDR. If one recalls Neville Chamberlain’s infamous characterization of Czechoslovakia as “a far off country of which we know little,” then the implications of this title become clear. Although many West Germans continued to visit the GDR, especially to see members of their family, until that state’s demise, it is fair to say that it played a very limited role in intellectual discourse once division appeared sealed by the construction of the Berlin Wall. Hence in the 1980s Peter Schneider, as a resident of West Berlin, complained about the loss of a direction on the compass, meaning the GDR and points east, while at the time of unification Patrick Süskind willingly admitted that, as a citizen of the Federal Republic, remote parts of Western Europe, such as the Outer Hebrides, felt closer to him than the GDR. There are inevitably exceptions, for example Thorsten Becker’s 1985 story Die Bürgschaft with its GDR setting. Nevertheless one wonders with hindsight whether the stir caused by this work had more to do with what at the time was an exotic setting than with its literary qualities.
Since unification there has been a change. This chapter will consider three novels with a significant GDR setting written by westerners since unification. The first, Die Verteidigung der Kindheit (1991), is by Martin Walser, born in 1927 and hence an author old enough to have memories of a single Germany.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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15 - Günter Grass and his contemporaries in East and West
- Edited by Stuart Taberner, University of Leeds
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Companion to Günter Grass
- Published online:
- 28 January 2010
- Print publication:
- 16 July 2009, pp 209-222
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Summary
Writing in the German daily newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung in August 2006 at the time of the controversy over Günter Grass's membership of the Waffen SS, the sociologist Heinz Bude launched a hymn of praise to those he called the 'schoolboy soldiers'. By this term he meant the people born between 1926 and 1929, who, like Grass, went more or less straight from school into the final stages of the Second World War. Referring not just to writers and intellectuals but also to the recently elected 'German Pope' Joseph Ratzinger, he maintained that they continue to form 'the foundation of the Republic', as well as providing 'the material for our collective self-concern'. The reason Bude gives for this predominant role is the opportunity offered by their date of birth. Given the social and political changes they have experienced, they have been able to observe 'how patterns of behaviour were exchanged and points of identification shifted', something that has not been possible for subsequent generations (Süddeutsche Zeitung, 17 August 2006). Others, too, reflected at the time of the Grass debate on the important role played by people born in the second half of the Weimar Republic. Extending the years in question to include 1930, Eckhard Fuhr, in an article for the daily Die Welt (28 August 2006), came up with fifteen influential names, mainly writers and intellectuals, whilst also suggesting that this list is far from complete. He also used, admittedly within quotation marks, the term frequently employed for the people in question: 'the anti-aircraft auxiliary [Flakhelfer] generation' (the term refers to the kind of military service into which these seventeen- and eighteen-year olds were first conscripted).
6 - The 1980s: On the Threshold
- from Part 1 - The Years of Division
- Stuart Parkes, University of Sunderland
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- Book:
- Writers and Politics in Germany, 1945–2008
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 05 February 2013
- Print publication:
- 15 January 2009, pp 111-131
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Summary
Political Developments
THE RESULT OF THE 1980 ELECTION, which saw the governing parties increase their share of the vote, can, as noted earlier, be regarded less as an endorsement of Helmut's Schmidt's government than as a rejection by the electorate of Franz Josef Strauß as a potential chancellor. Given that he was particularly unpopular in the north German states, the election emphasized the traditional German divide between Protestant north and Catholic south, which had been overshadowed by the postwar East-West division. Nor was the continuation of the SPD-FDP coalition the cause of any widespread enthusiasm. Without Strauß it might have come to an end earlier, as one reason for its existence, Willy Brandt's Ostpolitik, was no longer at the top of the political agenda and divergent attitudes within the coalition on economic policies were becoming more apparent. It was these divergences, together with the desire of the FDP to show it was not tied to one coalition partner forevermore, that led to the end of the coalition in 1982, with Schmidt being ousted and replaced by the CDU leader Helmut Kohl as a result of the FDP switching its allegiance. Specifically, the change of government was made possible by the mechanism of the constructive vote of no confidence, which means that, unlike in the Weimar Republic, a government can only be toppled if there is a majority for a successor administration.
2 - The 1950s: The Deepening Division
- from Part 1 - The Years of Division
- Stuart Parkes, University of Sunderland
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Summary
Political Developments
IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC, the 1950s form the core of what is frequently referred to as the Adenauer Era. Having become Federal Chancellor at the age of 73, Konrad Adenauer remained in office for fourteen years, a record only surpassed in the 1980s and 1990s by his self-styled protégé Helmut Kohl. It was a time of unsurpassed electoral success for Adenauer's party, the CDU, and its Bavarian sister party the CSU, most especially in the federal elections of 1957, when for the only time in the history of the Federal Republic, a party (or, to be exact, two allied parties) managed to achieve an absolute majority of votes cast.
The major reason for this success was undoubtedly the economic miracle — the rapid recovery of the economy of the Federal Republic from wartime devastation and postwar uncertainties. The 1950s also saw the establishment of those features with which the post-1945 German economy has been most frequently identified: the independence of the Bundesbank (Central Bank), a degree of co-determination at both plant and company level (though this fell far short of trade union aspirations, outside of key mining and steel industries), along with generous social welfare provisions, not least for pensioners.
Although these developments undoubtedly improved the material conditions of the vast majority of the population and facilitated the integration of the Heimatvertriebene (Germans expelled from former German territories in the east) and those who had chosen to leave the German Democratic Republic, they did provoke critical comment.
7 - East and West
- from Part 2 - Writers and Politics After Unification
- Stuart Parkes, University of Sunderland
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THE EVENTS OF 1989/90 OFFERED WRITERS the opportunity not just to comment on the unfolding unification process, but also to review the previous structures that had lasted since 1949 and, only slightly previously, had seemed set in stone. The result was something that became known as the Deutsch-deutscher Literaturstreit (the Intra-German literature quarrel), even though the argument was not principally about literature, but rather politics, and the two sides were not simply East and West Germans. At least the bone of contention was clear: attitudes to the GDR, as adopted by writers and intellectuals in both German states.
The arguments came to a head with the publication in early 1990 of Christa Wolf's story Was bleibt (What Remains). This work, which is clearly autobiographical, describes the surveillance of a GDR writer by the Stasi secret police, something to which Wolf herself was subject almost constantly from 1969 onward. What provoked a storm on the publication of the book was the fact that it had been almost entirely written in the 1970s, but only submitted for publication when political conditions in the GDR had changed. One of the first critics to launch into Wolf was the literary editor of Die Zeit, Ulrich Greiner. He castigated Wolf as the Staatsdichter (state poet) of the GDR, thus associating her by implication with the many sordid features of the Ulbricht and Honecker regimes. Significantly, he did not mention her various difficulties with the GDR authorities, some of which have been referred to earlier in this volume.
Intermezzo: Writers and the Unification Process
- from Part 1 - The Years of Division
- Stuart Parkes, University of Sunderland
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Political Developments
When Mikhail Gorbachev took over the reins of power in the Soviet Union in 1985, it gradually became evident that it was not just a change of generations, but also a change of direction, as exemplified by his use of the terms glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) to underline his priorities. Gorbachev also spoke of greater democracy, something that implied that the Soviet Union's allies would enjoy greater freedom and, specifically, that it would not intervene militarily if one of these countries deviated from the Soviet model. It was in keeping with this new spirit that in May 1989 Hungary began to dismantle its border fortifications with Austria and that a noncommunist government was installed in Poland shortly afterwards.
All this provided a catalyst for movement in the GDR, which, under the aging Honecker, had remained rigidly set against reform. The infamous wallpaper comment by the leading cultural functionary Kurt Hager summed up the attitudes in the GDR's highest echelons. In the light of this refusal to change, those totally disillusioned with the GDR began to make their way to Hungary and other neighboring countries in the hope of being able to cross to the West, while others at home began demonstrating on the streets and organizing for change — roughly simultaneous developments that were labeled “exit” and “voice.”
3 - The 1960s: Taking Sides
- from Part 1 - The Years of Division
- Stuart Parkes, University of Sunderland
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Political Developments
IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC AT LEAST, the 1960s were a time of major change in both the political and cultural fields. In the world of politics, the Adenauer government still held sway at the beginning of the decade, whereas at its end, power lay for the first time in the hands of an SPD-led government under Willy Brandt. Although it could have been foreseen in 1960 that the Adenauer era was approaching its close (the patriarch attained the age of eighty-four in that year), it was not just a matter of the inevitable passing of time leading to new constellations of power. Various significant events, many of which attracted considerable attention from writers and intellectuals, helped bring about the many changes that occurred during the decade.
In August 1961, the division of Germany was sealed by the construction of the Berlin Wall. This act by the GDR authorities with Soviet backing seemed to many to be tangible proof that the reunification policy of the Adenauer government, to force concessions from the East through a “policy of strength,” had failed. The result was that the CDU/CSU was punished in the autumn elections, the big winner being the CDU's frequent coalition partner, the liberal Freie Demokratische Partei (Free Democrats, or FDP), which increased its share of the vote from 7.7 to 12.8 per cent, not least by having conducted an anti-Adenauer campaign.
Contents
- Stuart Parkes, University of Sunderland
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Writers and Politics in Germany, 1945–2008
- Stuart Parkes
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George Orwell said that all writing is political; but the writers of some nations and some periods are more political than others. German writers after 1945 have exemplified such heightened politicization, and this book considers their contribution to the democratic development of Germany by looking principally at their directly political, non-fictional writings. It pays particular attention to writers and the student movement of the 1960s and '70s, when some proclaimed the death of literature and called for a turn to direct political action. Yet writers in both parts of Germany gradually came to identify with their respective states, even if the idea of one Germany never entirely disappeared. The unification of 1989-1990, in which this idea astonishingly became reality, posed a major (and some would say unmet) challenge to writers in both East and West. After looking at this period of intense political activities, the book considers the continuing East/West division and changing attitudes to the Nazi past, asking whether the intellectual climate has swung to the right. It also asks to what extent political involvement has been a generational project for the immediate postwar generation and is less important for younger writers who see the Federal Republic as a 'normal' democratic state. Stuart Parkes is Emeritus Professor of German from the University of Sunderland (UK).
4 - A West German Interlude: Writers and Politics at the Time of the Student Movement
- from Part 1 - The Years of Division
- Stuart Parkes, University of Sunderland
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Summary
Introduction
THE MAIN OUTLINES OF POLITICAL AND LITERARY developments in the Federal Republic in the 1960s were sketched at the beginning of the previous chapter. This chapter will deal with events (and writers' reactions to them) that can be linked to the student movement, a phenomenon that ran parallel to mainstream political developments, although of course the two worlds did influence one another. Specifically, large parts of the student movement sought to change the nature of the Federal Republic and set up a different kind of society that would be based on socialism, albeit not that of the GDR. In this they appeared to have the support of a number of writers and intellectuals, not least those who at the beginning of the 1960s had supported the SPD but had become increasingly disillusioned by the party's apparent drift to the right. Hans Magnus Enzensberger, for example, claimed in 1967 that it was no longer possible to repair the political system of the Federal Republic. The choice was either the status quo or a new system (VLMS, 257). It is the ideas and events that can be linked to this view that will form the subject of this chapter.
The Return of Ideology
The first two postwar decades in the western part of Germany can be seen as characterized by suspicion of political ideologies. The experience of Nazism had put right-wing ideology, or at least that of the extreme kind, beyond the pale, while the negative example of the GDR acted as a deterrent to the adoption of ideologies based on Marxism.
5 - The 1970s: Writers on the Defensive
- from Part 1 - The Years of Division
- Stuart Parkes, University of Sunderland
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Political Developments
ALTHOUGH IT ENDED WITH THE same SPD/FDP coalition with which it began, and the two parties had their positions confirmed in the 1980 federal election, the decade of the 1970s was a time of massive changes in political mood in the Federal Republic. While the Christian Democrats licked their wounds following the events of 1969, the new government under Chancellor Willy Brandt proposed changes on both the domestic and foreign political fronts. At home, Brandt spoke of reforms and of daring to be more democratic. In foreign affairs, he turned his attention to negotiations with the Federal Republic's eastern neighbors, to what became universally known as Ostpolitik. Treaties were signed in 1970 with the Soviet Union and Poland, 1971 saw a four-power agreement on Berlin, and the following year the two German states signed a “Basic Treaty.” All that was then left was the less controversial treaty with Czechoslovakia, by which the infamous Munich Agreement of 1938 was accepted as null and void. In essence, all the treaties signed by the Federal Republic amounted to an acceptance of postwar realities, specifically, the loss of Germany's former eastern territories to Poland and the Soviet Union and the division of Germany itself, although the possibility of reunification was left open. To their detractors, the treaties were the abandonment of long-held positions — in particular, the notion of a single Germany in its 1937 frontiers — in return for very little.
Frontmatter
- Stuart Parkes, University of Sunderland
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List of Abbreviations
- Stuart Parkes, University of Sunderland
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Segue: Political and Literary Developments Since Unification
- from Part 2 - Writers and Politics After Unification
- Stuart Parkes, University of Sunderland
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Political Developments
SINCE UNIFICATION IN OCTOBER 1990, the new Federal Republic has established a political life comparable in many respects to that of most Western democracies. Following the election in 1998, there took place for the first time the kind of change of government that is normal in such democratic societies when the electorate, grown weary with Helmut Kohl, made possible a new coalition between the SPD and the Greens, a decision confirmed by a hair's breadth in 2002. Unlike previous occasions, there was in 1998 a complete break, with no element of continuity in the shape of the FDP, as when the main government party changed from CDU to SPD in 1969 or vice versa in 1982. However, this element of continuity was restored following the very tight election of 2005 when the only practical solution was a Grand Coalition between the two major parties, albeit under a CDU chancellor — Angela Merkel, the first woman to hold this office.
Regardless of who was in government, following unification the Federal Republic faced a variety of issues, the difficulties of which helped to bring down Kohl and thereafter made life far from easy for his successor Gerhard Schröder. One of the most pressing undoubtedly was that of unemployment. By early 2005, the official figure for unemployment stood at over five million, with the full employment associated with the economic miracle seemingly only a distant memory.